The project is dedicated to the development of realistic anatomical models designed for training, experimentation, and validation of complex surgical procedures. The aim is to produce multimodal phantoms based on conductive gel materials and advanced polymer systems, capable of integrating traditional surgery, electrosurgery, energy‑based technologies, and clinical imaging techniques within the same physical platform.

The core of the project lies in the study of tissue‑equivalent formulations able to simultaneously replicate mechanical, electrical, and diagnostic imaging interaction properties. The developed materials are designed to mimic the elastic and viscoelastic behaviour of biological tissues, while ensuring controlled conductivity for electrosurgery simulation and a coherent response in ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. This integration allows different professionals – such as surgeons, radiologists, specialists, and biomedical engineers – to operate on the same anatomical model, maintaining structural and functional coherence.

The fabrication of phantoms is carried out using advanced 3D printing and hybrid manufacturing techniques, including approaches such as FRESH and Embedded 3D Printing, which enable the production of complex, multi‑material anatomical architectures. The integration of soft materials, functional components, and supporting structures yields models that are not only morphologically accurate but also functionally active.

The ambition of the project is to go beyond the traditional concept of a static anatomical model, developing systems capable of responding realistically to incision, dissection, energy application, and imaging procedures. In this way, the phantom becomes a cross‑cutting tool, able to connect surgery and diagnostics within a single experimental and training experience, contributing to the evolution of technologies for advanced medicine.

Migliorini, L., Valaperta, G., Acocella, F., Santaniello, T., Castelli, N., Perin, A., Cavaliere, F., Vertemati, M., Zuccotti G. V., & Milani, P. (2024). Conductive Gel Phantoms for Training in Electrosurgery. Advanced Materials Interfaces, 11(26), 2400246. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202400246